Theory Of Group Counseling Paper - 1438 Words

Theory of Group Counseling Paper Alex Dossett CHRD 766; Group Counseling South Dakota State University Describe how your experience of the leading, participating in, or observing groups have informed or influenced you regarding your own group leadership skills, leadership style, and perception about groups; Describe your perspectives about the functions of a therapeutic group in assisting client changes; Discuss the elements or factors contributing to the development of the group, and changes and growth of the clients; Describe your role as a group leader and therapist in the group Personal Reflection Through textbooks, articles, lectures, and experiential activities, I have recently had the opportunity to learn, first-hand,†¦show more content†¦I was questioning my abilities as a group leader, and even more so, as a counselor. Through our first session, I learned that leading a group takes preparation, practice, and confidence. The group process takes time and trust is not immediate. While you may want cohesion amongst members, some members will be hesitant and cautious. But instead of trying to fill the awkward silence, allow the space for processing and reflection. While I was disclosing trying to create universality among members and myself, there is a line that I have become more aware of. As a co-facilitator, I learned about the importance of trust. Without a relationship and understanding, there is an imbalance between co-facilitators. If the co-leader relationship doesn’t model trust and egalitarian principles, then this could stall the momentum of the group. As the first session progressed, I was pleased with how participants were interacting with us, as we had tried to create a casual, open environment. As initial rapport continued to develop, our group moved towards the transition stage. It was here group members’ true personalities began to emerge, while they were still testing the waters. At least some degree of anxiety and fear still surfaced within the group. Coming off our first session together, I did not necessarily feel as though I was radiating confidence, but I decided to â€Å"fake it until I make it†. This allowed me to take theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Perspective Of Counseling1121 Words   |  5 PagesAs I have stated throughout this paper, it is difficult to discern a child’s desire to change verses an adult’s desire for them to change. This applies to goals of counseling as well. In reality, parents, teachers, and administrators determine when counseling has been effective. Typically children in schools are referred to counseling for externalizing behavior, these behaviors can be easily measured and tracked. Counseling is considered ef fective when the behavior of referral has decreased. AllRead MoreUnit 9 Assignment694 Words   |  3 Pagesinterventions, this project should focus on using group therapy to help Sarah. In your paper, you should address the following: 1. Why might you consider Sarah a good candidate for group counseling? What do you see as the potential advantages and disadvantages of such interaction for Sarah? 2. Describe the type of group that would potentially serve Sarah best. What are your ethical concerns for placing Sarah in a group counseling environment? 3. Oftentimes, group members discover an even greater disruptionRead MoreSolution Focused Brief Therapy ( Sfbt ) For The Treatment Of Ana Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will discuss the case study of â€Å"Ana†. Ana is 24 years old, has lost her job, and worries about becoming homeless. She currently is a single parent due to her husband being deployed in a combat zone overseas for the next eight months. Ana is a first generation immigrant from Guatemala; she comes from a large family. She claims to have a close relationship with her family but has not seen her family for about a year. 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In this paper, I will discuss the biographical history of the theory developers, key concepts of each theory, as well as each theorist’s view of human nature, the reason and development of conflict that the client experiences, the roles of the therapist and client in therapy, and the goals of each therapeutic process. Additionally, I will investigate the multicultural perspectives of each theory. AtRead MoreThe Macrosys tem: From Child to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper focuses mainly on the macrosystem, examining society, culture, and ecological system. Mental health and community counselors should keep in mind the complex, reciprocal interactions that characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. 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Teenage Drug Abuse Essay - 982 Words

Teenage drug abuse is an issue that can result from a wide variety of social influences, stressful events, and mental disorders. Drug abuse among adolescents is a troubling issue because it decreases focus, increases the chance of consistency in behavior during adulthood, increases the chances of developing emotional issues, permanently damages the brain, and damages tissues in every system that can lead to death. Previous scientific research has identified that social factors, including the media and peers, play an important role in psychological development and impact the adolescents decision to start experimenting with substances (Botvin 888). Appropriate solutions for the teenage drug abuse issue already exist, but the only remaining†¦show more content†¦Knowing the cause of drug abuse for each individual case is essential in creating a comprehensive and effective treatment accordingly because. There are several implications to possible solutions because previous researc h involving the use of pharmacotherapy with adolescents did not show a satisfactory ratio between potential benefits and risks caused by the treatment (Kaminer and Marsch 164). However, Kaminer and Marsch suggest investigating new substances that could be used to complement the behavioral therapy of adolescents who suffer from drug abuse because it could increase the success rates of treatments (180). Although ethical principles must regulate research and treatments of adolescents who suffer from drug abuse, Kaminer and Marsch suggest using the same therapeutic approach for pharmacotherapy among adults because adolescents could potentially benefit from the same approach while keeping risks at the minimum (180). More importantly, newer research has investigated the importance of family-based therapy for adolescents who practice drug abuse. 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First it is important for the parent to be informed of the hard facts so that they can convey the appropriate information to their kids. First explaining the legal side of using drugs is beneficial in raising the children’s awareness of repercussions that can be asso ciated with experimenting with drugs. More than 100,000 inmates are convictedRead MoreThe Detrimental Effects of Teenage Drug Abuse in the UK1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of drugs by teenagers today has caused a concern in the UK. Teenagers are unknown to the effects that drugs can cause physically and mentally. It is very important that there is awareness on drug abuse among young people. Since the usage of drugs not only affects the body, it also affects many aspects of a person’s daily life. Firstly, it affects the social life, causing isolation, which is one of the most common effects that happen due to drug usage. 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It has been reported that â€Å"the greater numbers of young people were reporting weekly consumption of alcohol and young drinkers were consuming larger amounts per drinking occasion† (Coleman Cater, 2003). Teenagers who persistently use drug out of control often experience serious problems. Those problems are related to physical health, mental health, academic difficulties, social relationships, and so on

Managerial Creativity and Innovation Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Creativity and Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the paper is to delve into the expanding areas of project management, which is undergoing huge evolution due to changes in science and dynamic market conditions. The assignment takes Federal Water and Electricity Association of the United Arab Emirates as the crux of the study. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section studies the newly evolving concepts of project management like agile concept, value driven projects and managing projects for innovation. The author has reviewed each of these new project management techniques based on several advantages and disadvantages to the companies. The section also delves into the competencies and qualities the project managers of today are expected to have in order to match up to the demands of the current market. The second part delves into FEWA, its operations, projects and organisational structure. The third section studies the difficulties of modern project management ending with recommendations. New emerging topics of project management: The field of project management has undergone drastic evolution with new areas like agile concept, value driven projects, new emerging competences and increasing complexity within projects. These new areas have also caused changes in the roles of project managers which demand new competencies. Agile concept is a modern approach of dividing and large complex projects into sections called iterations. The companies today handle complex projects to satisfy the diverse demands of their clients. The project managers lead the project team and take the responsibility of dividing the projects into divisions using a group of software called agile software. The project management functions under the agile concept divides the production activities into three components namely, product owner, scrum master and the project team. The product owner supervises the production from business perspective while the scrum master helps the different sub teams to collaborate to achieve the target (Landry McDaniel, 2015). The team under the supervision of these two people and the team members take up different responsibilities of achieving the targets. The project manager assumes the role of scrum in the modern project management and leads the team towards achievement of the target. A review of the agile system of project management reveals several advantages and disadvantages. The first advantage of agile concept is that the task is divided into portions which makes it relatively less complex. This results in more efficient executions of the project strategies. Secondly, the production is controlled by software; hence it is accurate and free from human error. Thirdly, here the project managers have very deep knowledge of both the business and the technical aspect of the project. This enables him to exercise more efficient control over the project (Schwalbe, 2015). The agile system of project management has several disadvantages as well. First, it is very expensive and requires heavy initial investment from the business organisations, which use or plan to use it. This show, that agile can only be used by multinational companies, which are financially very strong. The second weakness of the agile system is due to excess dependence on software, the project managers or scrums have limited knowledge about cots, personnel and risk management. This impedes efficient decision-making actions by the project managers. Thus, it can be reviewed from the above discussion, though agile facilitates automatic control of projects, it is expensive and often results in project managers becoming over dependent on technology and losing their competencies like risk and personnel management. Value driven projects: The value driven projects refer to the modern development in project management which demands the project managers to complete the projects to the needs of clients or customers. This completion of projects according to the demands of consumers are perceived as value creation. The project managers today have to adopt total quality management approach and ensure value to the customers in terms of money, time specified by the customers and quality demanded by the customers (Schwalbe, 2015). A review of modern approach of value driven projects reveals several advantages, which make the process significant to project managers of today. First, the value approach driven requires the project managers to produce according to the needs of the customers. As a result value driven approach more revenue for the companies compared to the traditional project management approach. Moreover, in order to ensure high quality, the project managers have to allocate the resources available in the most efficient ways. This results in efficient usage of resources and minimises wastage. In order words, value driven concepts lead to sustainability. Third, when the projects are executed as per the requirements of the clients, it earns more revenue. There are certain disadvantages of value driven concepts of project management as well. The value driven concept like any other modern project management concept is heavily dependent on technology. Thus, the multinational can invest in the technology to align the demands of the customers with production to maintain high quality. The second shortcoming of this approach is that project managers often become heavily dependent on technology which impedes their decision making power (Jeston Nelis, 2014). Managing projects for innovation: The project managers today require to be innovative in order to manage their production strategies with the market conditions. The project managers and the apex management of companies have realised that the traditional practices like production as per norms of the company without consideration of the clients requirements and making one product for all the markets are no longer suitable for the present competitive scenario. This has led to the project managers of different companies carry out open innovation to discover new methods of managing projects more efficiently. The project managers today partner with overseas firms like laboratories in order to bring about more innovative products which are able to meet the new demands of the consumers. A review of managing projects for innovation shows that entering into partnership to manage projects for innovation is more feasible for the multinational companies because it requires huge capital investment. This disadvantage of managing pr oject for innovation prevents the smaller firms with limited resources from adopting the method (Kerzner, 2015). A review of the method of managing projects for innovation reveals that though managing projects for innovation is expensive and may largely restricted to large corporations, it has multiple positive aspects. First, managing projects for innovation lead to companies carrying out projects to meet the customer demands. This means that the companies executing those projects earn huge revenue. Secondly, the firms innovative projects leads to the manufacture of products which are more useful to the consumer needs, thus giving the firms more market penetration. This innovation allows firms to collaborate with each other to improve their existing projects and to introduce more market oriented products or products. This analysis points out the third advantage of managing projects for innovation, which is, the companies can share their resources and diversify their losses. This in turn augments the competitive of both the participating firms (Verzuh., 2015). Project initiation context refers to the steps, which leads to initiation of projects. The project initiation context comprises of planning, analysis, design and implementation. The company carrying out the project carries out feasibility tests to find out whether the project would be feasible, profitable and sustainable. Ziadat, Kirkham and Gardiner (2017) state that project management have become extremely complex in order to cope with the fast changing demands of the market. the consumers today demand more advanced, economical and high quality products. The project managers managing the manufacturing projects in the companies have to integrate their production methods with this changing needs of the customers. The project management methods as discussed are heavily dependent on technology and collaboration between multiple business concerns and laboratories. This according to Marle and Vidal (2016), has made the production methods and project management extremely complex. New emerging competences and roles for project managers: The growing competition and the need to manage projects strategically has led to the project managers develop new competencies and roles. The project managers were traditionally mere employees managing the production activities of companies (Serrador Pinto, 2015).Serrador and Turner (2015) point out that project managers are not mere employees. The companies today regard them as business partners of strategic importance. The project managers in order to cope with the ever-changing world have developed new skills like communication, strong knowledge of advanced technology, team management and negotiation. These newly emerging competencies help them to lead their project teams towards attainment of higher productivity (Lenfle, Le Masson Weil, 2016). The core business activities of Federal Electricity and Water Authorities is to carry out duties entrusted on it by the Ministry of Electricity and Water. The main business activities of it are to provide electricity to the people living in the Northern Emirates. The body uses balancing between cost of production and distribution prices. It also conducts consumption behaviour and creates awareness among the public regarding using water and electricity sustainably. The current project management strategies of FEWA revolve around achievement of sustainable existence in the Emirates by using water and electricity sustainably. The bodys current project management strategy also consists of controlling demand and supply of electrify and water in the country. FEWA also manages desalinated water in excellent and sustainable manner. The body also aims to rationalise the use of water and reduce wastage of resources. FEWA also supervises administrative services with high quality standard, efficiency and transparency. It also encourages innovation in terms of corporate environment (fewa.gov.ae, 2017). Chairperson, Ministry of Energy, leads the organisational structure of FEWA. He supervises the Vice Chairperson and the directors. The other departments like finance and marketing work under the supervision of the directors. This has a strong influence on the management practices and project management. The chairperson of the Ministry of Energy leads FEWA, which ensures that the electrical bidy works under total control of the government. This project management system also leads to trust and customer preferences get priority. The current organisational project management practices of FEWA come under direct control of the government. The strong leadership of the government in the project management practices ensures high standard of services to the customers. The government also encourages innovation and sustainability in electricity and water supply. This ensures that the body conducts operations and manages its projects in the most efficient ways. Difficulties associated with the current project management practices: The current project management practices have become very diffcult and challenges . The following are the main difficulties and challenges project management practices encounter: The project managers while continuing projects to produce goods have to face threats from the strong market competition. This strong market competition forces the companies manufacturing and marketing products spend a high amount towards caring of innovation on regular basis. Moreover, innovation and experimentation in certain sectors like energy is every expensive. These innovations often do not guarantee high returns, thus causing losses to the organisations. Today most of the manufacturing companies enter into collaboration with laboratories all over the world to carry out open innovation. This increases their cost of operations by manifold. The stiff market competition demands the companies like FEWA to offer more innovative and customer friendly products. The companies as a result do not restrict themselves to their core products. They extend their product lines to serve more diverse needs of customers. Thus, this extreme competition makes companies like FEWA launch projects, which satisfy these core and additional product strategies. For example, FEWA provides electricity and water, which requires huge investment from the company. This makes the management of the projects extremely complex and difficult. This puts extreme pressure on the project manager and the project team. They require investing huge amount in technology to support their core product, electricity and water and their allied products, online payment of bills. This increases the cost of operation of projects and put hug pressure on the existing resources. The project managers of multinational corporations like FEWA require having expertise in various a reas like business execution, marketing and production technology of both electricity and water. These diverse needs put intense pressure on the project managers of FEWA and his team. Recommendations: The discussion shows that modern project management has enabled project managers to handle bigger projects. The project managers today are not mere managers of projects but business partners who ensure that the companies produce goods according to the requirements of the customers. They, in other words align the projects towards business generation. Technology has enabled better handling of projects using software driven systems value-driven and agile. However, the discussion also reveals that project management has become very expensive and complex. The job of the project managers have become more challenging which has led them to develop new qualities and skills to cope up with the situation. The following recommendations in the light of the above discussion aim to help in improving project management practices and activities in the organisations: The business organisations should invest in sustainable project management techniques and procedure. The clients today are increasing stressing on sustainability and environment friendly products and services. Hence, the project managers should stress on acquiring raw materials for the projects from suppliers supplying with eco-friendly goods. The increasing complexity of the projects in companies like FEWA requires the project managers to outsource the less important portions of the projects to sub contractors or smaller firms. The project managers in the principle company handling the project should ensure that these small firms use the same method of project execution and parameters. The discussion indicates that projects have become extremely expensive and complex. The project managers can deal with the exceeding cost of project execution by two ways. First, they can acquire supply chains both with the country of operation and overseas. They as a result would be able to choose from a large number of suppliers supplying a particular material. They can buy the materials for the projects from the suppliers, which satisfy the quality parameters of the company and offer the materials at economic rates. Secondly, they can acquire materials available locally from local suppliers. This method would enable them to save expenditure they incur on exporting and importing raw materials. Thus, these two methods can save expenditure to continue with and execute the projects. The project managers should emphasis on reduction of wastage and recycling of the resources to minimise expenditure. For example, the wastewater can be recycled and reused in the projects. Thus, the companies can save the expenditure they incur after acquiring water from outside and paying taxes for the same. The project should mandate installing and using of recycling as a compulsory of their project management practices. The companies can allocate the amount saved towards other important functions like marketing. Thus, recycling of wastes can help the companies in lowering the project costs and making them more profitable. References: Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Landry, J. P., McDaniel, R. (2015). Agile Preparation Within a Traditional Project Management Course. InProceedings of the EDSIG Conference(p. n3429). Lenfle, S., Le Masson, P., Weil, B. (2016). When project management meets design theory: revisiting the Manhattan and Polaris projects to characterize radical innovationand its managerial implications.Creativity and Innovation Management,25(3), 378-395. Marle, F., Vidal, L. A. (2016). Assessing Complexity of Projects. InManaging Complex, High Risk Projects(pp. 75-118). Springer London. S.A.L. (2017).Federal Electricity Water Authority.Fewa.gov.ae. Retrieved 1 November 2017, from https://www.fewa.gov.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. Serrador, P., Turner, R. (2015). The relationship between project success and project efficiency.Project Management Journal,46(1), 30-39. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Ziadat, W., Kirkham, R., Gardiner, P. (2017, June). On the Edge of Chaos: Complexity Offering Value Expectations on OG Projects. InSPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

The Persians things we never saw or heard Essay Example For Students

The Persians: things we never saw or heard Essay This deadly silence with its taste of acid fills our mouths, declares the Chorus in Robert Aulettas update of Aeschylus The Persians. The stage is set in the Persian court as the Chorus (Ben Halley Jr.) awaits news of his armys invasion of Athens: The muezzins song has been heard, and the Chorus, in the traditional black robes of the mullah, sits resplendent in the dead of night, recalling past glories. Although his words, intoned in a grand theatrical style, are sometimes hard to catch, a young man in vest and trousers (a second Chorus, played by Joseph Haj) lays out his prayer mat near the front of the stage and kneels toward Mecca, quietly repeating the words of the mullah into a microphone, so that they are transmitted to the audience through speakers placed in the backs of the theatre. There is a seconds disjunction between the two versions, and in that gap it seems that the public and the private come together: Our political senses are awakened as well as our intimate responses . The human and the technological meld in a new synthesis of understanding. Outline1 A first chance to grieve  2 Dreams of ill-omen  3 Contrasting textures  4 Critics notebook   A first chance to grieve   We will write a custom essay on The Persians: things we never saw or heard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Silence and its opposite, speech, are the twin mantles on which Aulettas text and director Peter Sellarss production rest. When the news does come through of the battles endthe unforeseen and total devastation of the Persian armyit is communicated in song and an extraordinarily affecting Javanese mime dance by a masked messenger (Martinus Miroto), while the microphoned Chorus again speaks the words. The descriptions of destruction, mutilation and death are distressingly graphic; they are clearly recognizable as everything we never heard from our own leaders during the Gulf Warthat war in which we never saw the image of a single Iraqi victim transmitted on our television screens. But they are equally recognizable as what we have witnessed, and have been powerless to prevent, in Bosnia, Somalia and Vietnam. The stage images are simple, sparse and even beautiful, their gruesome detail offset by heightened, poetic language simultaneously whispered into a microphone with the fervency of a prayer. It gives the audience the first chance to grieve, collectively and publicly, for what has gone before, unmourned and unrepented. At this point in Sellarss production, some audience members noisily exited the auditorium, outraged (as indeed were some critics) that this young American director had dared to appropriate Aeschylus to his own ends. Its surprising that they were surprised, with the work coming as it does from the man who set The Marriage of Figaro in Trump Tower and Ajax in front of the Pentagon. But to see only the obvious results of Sellarss artistic transfiguration of the original (one critic described the directors work as political bandwagoning) is to be oblivious of the way in which this production, paradoxically, conveys the spirit of Aeschylus more faithfully than many versions which obey the letter of the text. To write a play set in the Persian court only eight years after the actual battle of Salamis, after all, was surely as provocative of Aeschylus as this is of Sellars. There have been several great productions of Greek tragedies in Britain in recent years: Deborah Warners searing Electra with Fiona Shaw, Adrian Nobles weighty Theban Trilogy, Clare Venables updated Medea for the Sphinx (formerly Womens Theatre Group) and Andrei Serbans Ancient Trilogy, among them. Whatever the considerable merits of these productions, however (and with the exception of Warners Electra), only perhaps in Sellarss Persians has tragedy become more than an excuse for spectacle, instead fulfilling the Greek ideal of theatre as a forum for moral and political discussion and achieving catharsis for the audience. .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .postImageUrl , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:visited , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:active { border:0!important; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:active , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: New tracks on Tobacco Road Essay Dreams of ill-omen   Sellars, with often stunning effect, reaches through the epic, political terrain of the play to a more immediate and human scale. Atossa (Cordelia Gonzalez), wife of the late king Darius and mother of the present king Xerxes, enters in a modern, Western-looking floral dress, saying she has been troubled by dreams of ill-omen. She cannot rest, she complains, and so has the supremely human urge to talk. When the bad news of her armys defeat comes through, fear and confusion solidify into anger against her late husband. The result is an extraordinary family conference from beyond the grave, with Darius (Howie Seago) rising up from a polythene Underworld and communicating, since he is dead, only in sign language. In spite of the comical clumsiness of the staging, Atossas passionate resentment, mixed with self-doubt and deep regret, are formidable and moving, and her relationship to her dead husband is wholly convincing. Here is an intelligent woman arguing with the man she loved over his culpability, as ruler, for the political situation in which she now finds herself, and as a father for his emotional neglect of their son Xerxes. Yet her insight and honesty are such that she cannot exonerate herself from complicity in the situation: Where did we go wrong? she asks. Where did I go wrong? In the final act of the play, Xerxes (John Ortiz) returns in faded battle fatigues bearing the manic energy of the killer he has become. His presence challenges the stately authority of his dead father, and his arrival is marked by a change of pace and rhythm and a brightening of the stage into a dawn of harsh, yellowish light. In contrast to Darius grand immobility, Xerxes dashes around the stage, leaping and careening. Atossas indulgent maternal joy at seeing again the son she feared was lost is infectious, but ambiguous. Xerxes bellicose words echo the proud opening lines of the Chorus, but he speaks of defeat, not victory; the action of the concluding moments is upbeat, but the optimism it suggests is peculiarly tainted. Contrasting textures   Throughout the production a complex soundscape gives contrasting textures to different sections of the action. Most noticeable is the inspirational music of the Nubian musician and composer Hamze El Din, which combines traditional Eastern elements with modern Western structures. In the same way that the anachronism of the two Chorusesone steeped in the traditional, the other equipped with a microphonereconciles the ancient and the modern, so the music provides a spiritual dimension and another level of understanding. Similarly, Sellarss appropriation of dance forms and mime traditions from all over the world are incorporated into the drama in a way which is not inimical to the ancient Greek traditions of theatre. And the layering of all those elementsvisual, musical, verbalcombine powerfully to make The Persians a simultaneously intellectual and emotional experience. Critics notebook   Last summer, iconoclastic director Peter Sellars returned to the non-musical stage for the first time in seven years with a new version of Aeschylus The Persians, adapted by Robert Auletta. Critics and audiences were divided when the work was seen at the Salzburg and Edinburgh international summer festivals and the Los Angeles Festival at the Mark Taper Forum, where it received its American premiere in September. Here, two critics (both of whom saw the Edinburgh production) offer opposing views of the directors radically contemporary take on the first written play in the history of Western theatre.